Discussing the Evolution of Management Principles

From the late nineteenth century, the spoils procedure came under attack by reformers and academics who sought a far more scientific style of governmental management. This came to be named the merit system or civil program reform. Originally, four primary principles were involved. These principles were: meritorious hiring based on competence; political neutrality; tenure in office; and administration in the personnel function by a relatively independent civil support commission. This was all considered a scientific and rational improvement more than the oftentimes corrupt spoils system.

The scientific management school continued to grow at the turn with the century. The scientific management school during the United States and also the rational-bureaucratic design in Europe added work classifications and standardized pay scales on the notion of professional personnel practices (Van Riper, 1958, pp. 192-93). Eventually, the scientific management school evolved into a new regime, referred to as Equal Employment Opportunity. Rather than basing governmental program strictly on merit, other social goals became just as important. These goals generally involved openness in federal government to social groups historically denied access.

The Equal Career Opportunity reform movement was, of course, in help in the merit procedure and disseminated its ideas via these kinds of organizations as the National Municipal League, originally founded in 1894 (now the National Civic League), as well as the International City Manager's Association (ICMA), started in 1914 (now the International City and County Management Association). Belief in progress via reform measures pervaded the writings of representatives of these organizations, showing the belief that the Equal Career Opportunity school was merely an extension in the original merit method and scientific management school. For instance, in his annual review delivered in 1911 and reprinted within the first trouble with the National Municipal Review, the Secretary with the National Municipal League pointed out how the growth of public functions had necessitated the departure inside spoils method as well as the introduction with the merit system. He acknowledged resistance to the change, but concentrated in his address on successful efforts to make public assistance additional reflective on the skills and requirements of society (Woodruff, 1912, pp. 6-7).

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