Jung and Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious Essay

Jung’s theory of the unconscious sprang from the influence of disassociationist psychology, whereby â€Å"ideas and images tend to combine into complexes† that represent a measure of one’s personality. Thus, in his 1902 work, Jung theorized that the phenomenon called somnambulism might be an attempt of a future personality to break through. In 1935, Jung posited the existence of the collective unconscious, which represents complexes that exist apart from people’s intentions (Astor, 2002). Freud placed too much emphasis on the aspects of sexual and aggressive drives in his theory of the unconscious (Anzieu, 1986). On the other hand, Jung believed that the human unconscious is motivated by higher drives than these two, such as an inherent desire to seek self-development and religious fulfillment. Moreover, Jung deviated from Freud’s theory of the unconscious by positing that each person has a unique unconscious and that such unconscious may be accessed by a person voluntarily (Anzieu, 1986). Moreover, Jung carried his theory of the unconscious further by theorizing about the collective unconscious, which is composed of a universal set of ideas that belong to the entire human race, which passed from one generation to the next. Thus, Jung believed that a person’s personality is not only influenced by personal factors, but also by cultural influences that help build his personality (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). Freud would have treated Mary Jones through his process called psychoanalysis, or simply, the â€Å"talking-cure. † Freud believed that the psychological problems that appear to underlie Mary Jones’ manifestations could be solved by talking about them. Psychoanalysis consists in the patient’s narration of his thoughts and feelings to the therapist. Meanwhile, the therapist is supposed to listen carefully to the client, and from the client’s narration formulate his analysis and help the client achieve some insight into the unresolved conflicts of the client, which are only embedded in the unconscious (Anzieu, 1986). On the other hand, since Jungian analysis aims to form a strong relationship between the conscious and the unconscious, Jung would not confine the process to a mere discussion of the patient’s thoughts and feelings. Jung believed that the unconscious is a â€Å"wellspring of psychic energy and healing;† thus, he would utilize images and symbols designed to spontaneously unlock the patient’s fantasies and dreams. These images help in the exploration of new possibilities and achievement of personal transformation (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). Jung places more emphasis n the process that occurs during the therapy sessions, rather than the content of the therapy. Jungian analysis aims to help the patient achieve an understanding and awareness of the unconscious and thereby give relief to the patient’s symptoms (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). The differences in the treatment styles of Jung and Freud illustrate the following differences in their views of the unconscious:

Narrative Essay About Grandmother Passing Away.

Forever Remembered I knew that after walking into room 113 my life was going to be changed. I saw nurses saying, â€Å"sorry†, familiar faces with tears falling fast from their eyes, and arms opening wide for hugs. I knew something was wrong as I saw her lying still in her bed, eyes closed, and arms crossed over her stomach. Grandma Dorothy’s second stroke had slowly taken her life. Later, I wake up to my dad flicking my bedroom light on and him standing tall in my doorway. I could tell by the way he looked at me he didn’t want today to come.He slowly walked to my bedside and crawled into bed with me. I had never seen my dad cry before so I did what any ten year old would do, I wrapped my small arms around his neck and cried with him. â€Å"I love you Daddy. † Now, August 9th was the day we all dreaded, the funeral. I had never been to a funeral before; this was all new to me. People were dressed in black handing out tissues and saying small prayers for my family. I watched some man I had never seen before speak such honest words about my grandmother.Now, this man had said something I knew I’d never forget, â€Å"her golden heart stopped beating, hardworking hands go to rest, god broke our hearts to prove to us he only takes the best. † He brought so much emotion to this wide crowd of people; there were happy tears, sad tears, happy smiles, sad smiles, happy memories, and sad memories. He said, â€Å"Now today we remember the life of Dorothy Edna Callahan,† as he slowly lowered the casket six feet below the ground.My dad slowly bent down and wrapped his muscular arms around me, almost crushing my red rose. I said, â€Å"I’m going to miss her so much daddy, why did she have to go? † He whispered back, â€Å"It’s going to be alright Casey I’ll miss her too but she’s in a better place now. † I walked away slowly, tears falling fast from my eyes, a red rose in one hand and my dad’s in the other. After today I knew I was going to remember my Grandmother forever.

Things Fall Apart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Things Fall Apart - Essay Example It is through this maze that Achebe directs his readers, using the Igbo viewpoint, traditions, and lingo to emphasize a harmony of common human values even to those who criticize African cultures of their prejudiced and untold beliefs (Obaze & Momah). Achebe’s Things Fall Apart is perceptive and very opinionated. Achebe has to be credited for his mysterious capacity of writing a novel that not only deals with history, but with the present and future, foreseeing things to emerge.  The novel is educational and conventional as well as biased, sociological, and historical. While its argument is the poisonous collision of Umuofian religion with the introduced foreign government of the colonizers, it also validates that at the same time as African culture, and literature may have been manipulated by European culture, similarly, European culture has also gained from African cultures (Obaze & Momah). Captivating as it is, the novel’s title of Things Fall Apart is confusing, for the reason that Umuofia does not really fall apart. It does not stand with Okonkwo and oppose change with hostilities, but fittingly adjusts for survival. Umuofia people or Igbo tribe are constantly searching the common sense of what they do and why, measuring up to the neighboring communities, and history. In Things Fall Apart, the only thing that falls apart is Okonkwos life, because of his stubbornness to adapt. The Umuofia people adapts and changes with the world, unlike Okonkwo who prefers to stay behind and

Orientalism in Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Orientalism in Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Orientalism in Fashion" concerns the fashion and orientalism. One can attribute this invasion of Oriental elements into European art and fashion to Paul Poiret and his imaginative and bold style that he pioneered in the decade leading up to the First World War. After inaugurating his fashion house in 1903 on the rue Auber, Poiret’s business grew quickly. Parisian women found the clear lines and simple forms of his designs very appealing. Poiret is the first couturier to â€Å"raise the waist in women's dresses, recalling Empire lines and thereby creating an elongated silhouette, like a cue stick.† The invasion of oriental elements into Parisian fashion was so pronounced that by 1913, one can see everywhere loose-fitting waists, oriental chemises or Russian blouses, drawn into â€Å"a sash of velvet or satin, or where there is no sash, a band of embroidery encircles the hips to give the same effect." At the time Paul Poiret was establishing his career in fash ion design there was a sense of stagnation and limitation in fashionable expression for women. At the turn of the century when Poiret opened his couture house, women’s figures â€Å"were not only divided in two by a whalebone corset, but also constrained by masses of fabric†. Poiret went about changing this condition and hence freed a generation of women from constricted dresses. His wife and muse Denise was also his foremost model for trying new design prototypes. What Poiret wanted to achieve was to bring back the classical dressing sensibilities. that he so admired and assimilated into his aesthetics. He first encountered classical paintings at the Louvre as a school boy. His unique design style shifted the emphasis to the shoulders; the waist was raised to a considerable degree. His style reflected the neo-Grecian Directoire sensibilities of erstwhile art patrons Empress Josephine and Lady Hamilton. To accentuate the contours of the body Poiret employed fine fabric s such as silk, tulle and muslin. He also reduced the hemline into that iconic model called the hobble skirt. (Web 2007) The Oriental elements to Paul Poiret’s designs were manifest in his use of gold, fur, fringes and turbans – some of which are being reinvented contemporarily at Prada. Poiret’s embrace of Oriental elements reached its peak in Paris with the unveiling by Leon Bakst of the Ballets Russes. One of the stand-out designs in the years preceding the First World War is the Persian themed designs that were seen during the 1002nd Night party in 1911. Exhibiting his showmanship during the event, Poiret dressed up as a sultan and locked up his wife in a golden cage. As usual she modeled his latest creation: harem pants. Poiret was flooded with orders for these pants. Women saw in them an avenue for liberty, if only to let them dance to the emergent cultural craze for the tango. (Web 2007) Art 1. Two Dresses by Paul Poiret (Plate 2 from Les Robes de Paul Po iret), illustrated by Paul Iribe, 1908. The significance of Poiret’s Orientalist designs emerges from their widespread cultural effects. For example, the sultan harem pants were in such vogue that respected architecture journal commented and illustrated Poiret’s works through the artful photographs of Edward Steichen. The journal article went on to praise Poiret’s work as an â€Å"

Critique of Clinical Skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critique of Clinical Skill - Essay Example Critical appraisal is a systematic process utilized to identify research strengths and weaknesses inherent in a research article. This is done with an aim of assessing the validity, reliability and usefulness of research findings. The primary components of critical appraisal include the evaluation of the study design’s appropriateness for the research questions used, and the careful assessment of key methodological design features. Other factors that should be taken into consideration while critically appraising an article are such as the examination of the suitability of the statistical methods used to analyze data, potential conflict of interest and the research relevance to an individual practice. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to appraise the below named article on wound management. Article: Annells, M., O’Neill, J., & Flowers, C. (2008). Compression bandaging for venous leg ulcers: the essentialness of a willing Patient. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(3), 350- 359.doi 10.1111/j. 1365-2702.2007.01996.x Analyzing whether the Research Study Questions Are Relevant A research can be of the highest methodological rigor but it may be of little value if it does not address a significant topic or add value to the already existing knowledge about the subject under discussion (Mays & Pope, 2000). The article sought to find answers to the following question â€Å"why do or why don’t district nurses use compression bandaging as a component of the management of venous leg ulcers?† The aim of the study was to help identify both constraints and enablers. The research question is relevant because it seeks to explain why some and not all nurses utilize compression management to manage venous leg ulcers. In addition to that, the study findings contribute to the existing knowledge because less has been documented as to why compression bandaging is not often used by district nurses in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Furthermore, the research question is relevant to the clinical practice. As a result of the study, factors that might constrain the willingness of the patient to apply compression bandaging in the treatment and maintenance of the venous leg ulcer were identified. Then, the actions that need to be performed to facilitate patient willingness were recommended. Does the Study Add Anything New? Any scientific research aims at developing new knowledge and ideas on the basis of work done previously (Hawking, 2003). As a result of this particular research, district nurses were made aware of the significance of evidence-based practice. Proper understanding of the findings of the study will support the planning carried out by the district nursing organization. As a result, there will be an improvement in the rate of appropriate use of compression bandage on venous leg ulcers. The increased use will be facilitated via the provision of relevant resources and the needed education. Moreover, the research findings will up date nurses on how to appropriately asses venous leg ulcer patients. Similarly, the nurses are able to plan and implement strategies for best practice care which is sustainable and patient driven. The research adds new knowledge to the work done previously. The Type of Questions Posed By the Study The most significant task of critical appraisal is the identification of the specific research questions being addressed by the article.

Management of information technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management of information technology - Essay Example The organisation at the very beginning will need to explore all avenues where electronic information systems are required to manage information better. All departments should be consulted to arrive at common consensus for the need. At various levels the thought process may come to a halt due to various factors. We shall identify and explore a few. Management Issues - An organisation need to answer the question of management of the IT resource if it proceeds with the investment. An IT resource like a supply chain management software is required to be handled by a staff of experienced IT professionals who are also aware of the core business processes of the organisation. Failure to do so will result in incorrect reporting of information and ultimately lead to mismanagement. Organisational Issues - At an organisational level investment in IT could bring out some structural as well as financial issues. An organisation will need to consider its core business requirements, investor interests and well as financial implications while considering a potential investment in IT. Technological Issues - Technological issues if not planned for may derail an entire project at the implementation stage. Overlooking CTQ (critical to quality) parameters can result in doing more harm than good. Let us now look at the various issues that may arise when an organisation may invest into IT. At a management level, there may well be numerous issues. Lets look at a few which might be more common. Administration - While an organisation may want the most sophisticated software available in the market, it however needs to answer management related questions before proceeding. The organisation needs to see if it has the work force capacity to handle such a shift. Does it have the required people with necessary skill set to successfully implement and support the technology If not then who would manage this technology Many technology vendors have come up with their own solution to this issue since it is the most common and is certain to arise. While most vendors would offer specialised training to an organisation's staff, few also offer to provide dedicated staff to the organisation for day to day administration of the product. Organisations also recruit IT staff to manage the acquired product if the data is sensitive. For example an organisation would definitely would want to have an IT employee specializing in the technology in question if it is financial in nature or deals with the organisations product. If the product is unique in the market, maintaining a dedicated resource becomes all the more important. Security Issues - "Managers, consultants, IT professionals and customers believe that they have finally discovered what makes organizations work: knowledge---that invisible force that propels the most successful companies to stock market values which far exceed the visible assets of their financial balance sheet". (Borghoff & Pareschi 1997, p.835) Since technology investment deals with data which in the hands of certain individuals translates into Knowledge, protecting it is very important. An organisation may answer the security management question by restricting access of the technology to individuals on a need to know basis. This will ensure that those

Your opinion about illegal immigration ( is it good or bad for the Essay

Your opinion about illegal immigration ( is it good or bad for the U.S.) - Essay Example Looking to explore immigration policies and the recent desire in the United States to allow immigrants to apply for legal immigration despite the fact that many have resided in the United States illegally for years, the following essay will argue that the United States has a duty to protect the most vulnerable citizens of the world. Accordingly, this essay will argue that the legalization of migrant workers is a positive step for the United States of America (Pew Research Center, 2009). Migration is an important issue which is gaining increasing attention in an era of economic interdependence, the movement of people across borders and the globalization phenomenon. Today, it is estimated that up to million people live in the United States illegally as undocumented workers and illegal aliens (Pew Research Center, 2009). Why do people choose to migrate from one place to another? Economic opportunity is one of the most important factors which draws people to the United States of America, the unequivocal land of opportunity. Accordingly, the decision of the Irish to immigrate to the United States during the height of the Potato Famine – it estimated that approximately 3.5 million Irishmen and women immigrated to the United States alone from 1820 to 1880 – supports some the idea that economic opportunity draws people to the United States. As a result, extreme and unfavorable conditions in Ireland paved the way for a large influx of migrants to the United St ates following economic crisis in the homeland. According to the Pew Research Center, California is the home of the largest number of undocumented workers and illegal migrants, largely as a result of the belief of opportunity in that state. Immigrants today, particularly from the poorer regions of the world, immigrate to the United States for similar reasons and their status should be legalized in order to facilitate the growth of this country, a nation of immigrants since it

Usability training for TUI course developers and usability testing of Essay

Usability training for TUI course developers and usability testing of their courses - Essay Example With the emergence of the virtual schools, the demands for on-line teachers are increasing. However, it is not an easy task since lot of in-service training (both short term and long term) and guidelines have to be provided to the faculty so that the education standard meets the requirement of the students and the institutions. The teachers must move from the image of mere knowledge provider to the more consolidated image of knowledge facilitator through their continuous involvement in the students’ activities by providing them the opportunity to expand and express. First of all, the teachers should be trained to create flexibility in their approach and the strength to undertake experiments with extensive writing skill. For the effective development of the course, it is important to design the materials keeping the target audience at the top priority level. While designing the materials, it is to be kept in mind that the contents should be more specific in accordance to the in stitutional curriculum. These products are continuously evaluated so that the necessary modifications can be implemented to improve the quality. The structure of the material encompasses the activities and their classification, easy navigability, selective use of texts and images, simple language and appropriate presentation. The interactivity has to be imposed as it facilitates a feedback from users enabling the testing of usability. After having decided upon the design, the next step involves the collection of resources such as tools, products, technologies and participants in accordance to the planned objectives. On the basis of development procedure, the roles and responsibilities are segregated. The implementation stage encompasses setting up the technology and tools, effective training for the teachers and students and finally the easy navigation of students. Summative evaluation helps to determine

In sociocultural terms, Rodgers and Hammerstein could be said to have Essay

In sociocultural terms, Rodgers and Hammerstein could be said to have invented the American Dream. Discuss - Essay Example Richards Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II reflect upon the dream and keeping in mind the transition of American people and the nation, they worked together to make this dream come true in their musicals.   American Dream is a collective imagination that proves the existence of a world where the people’s identity would be finally realized and then the dreams would inspire each and everyone to live peacefully. In socio-cultural terms, Rodgers and Hammerstein could be said to have invented the American Dream. The development of American identity by the musical theatre has been exemplary. American dream is something very intent but superficial because of the fact that it can only be assumed in this century.   In the year 1940, a new Theatre Guild musical produced Away We Go! This was Rodgers’ and Hammerstein’s first work. Oscar Hammerstein II was a lyricist and together they created this musical that the audience found boring, serious and old-fashioned. But they made some changes in the same musical and also changed its name to Oklahoma! This development of the musical now found a new approach towards the audience and it was liked by all. The people were facing a difficult time because of the cold war and this musical provided relief and unburdened their problems with enchanting songs, like ‘ people will say we are in love,’ ‘the Surrey With the Fringe on Top,’ ‘Many a New Day,’ ‘Out of My Dreams,’ ‘Kansas City,â₠¬â„¢ ‘I Can’t Say No,’ ‘Oklahoma!’,etc. (Zinsser, 180). In socio-cultural terms, Rodgers and Hammerstein have invented the American dream because of their musical that had an awesome effect on the people living in 1940s. The musical had to be understood and felt by the audience in order to relate to the behavior of the characters that had a cultural context in the musical. This musical earned praises

Drexler's World Famous Bar-B-Que Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drexler's World Famous Bar-B-Que - Article Example The ability to utilize windows of opportunity is a vital factor of success. This paper gives a discussion on factors that enhances Drexler’s existence and its impact on the neighboring population. What role do values play in how Drexler's Bar-B-Que interacts with its neighbors and customers? Values are essential in the advancement of any organization and, they are of particular interest to Drexler. The business has specific values for both the business and the surrounding population. The business also has value for family membership and participation. This indicates that Drexler values family ties among its different stakeholders. The different values that Drexler have on its business play vital roles that determine interactions between the business and its environment. The effects or benefits of Drexler’s value have a cumulative effect that has helped to sustain the bar-b-que business at a competitive edge. Firstly, the business has values for its heritage. Its heritag e included unique recipes and value for conservative taste for their products. These values have enabled the business to retain its originality despite the numerous transformations that it has gone through. In addition to the maintenance of originality, the value for heritage enabled Drexler to be identified among its competitors. The value also promoted a sense of uniqueness that made customers to identify themselves with the business. This value ensured that the memory of the business and its bar-b-que remained in customers’ minds despite the numerous times that the business closed down. This value promoted customers service or the value of customers to the business. Unlike other competing businesses, Drexler had value for its customers. Value for its customers is demonstrated through the impeccable services offered to customers who visit the restaurant. In addition to the quality services, customers to the business were treated with high degree of respect and appreciation. Value for customer enabled Drexler to attract and retain dedicated and loyal customers. The ability to attract large number of loyal customer has enabled the business to rise to success. Customer value also enabled Drexler to have continuous and lucrative business in a highly competitive food industry. Drexler value for customers created and maintained a warm relationship between the business and its customers. This guaranteed the business a constant supply of customer despite the various options for bar-b-que. This factor was of particular interest during the numerous occasions that the business had to re-open after a close down. The ability to maintain customers was promoted by the fact that the business had high value for quality products. Drexler invested in producing quality bar-b-que through their highly researched secret recipes. The recipes that were used in the restaurant had been tested and tried throughout the entire duration that the business was in operation. Offering high quality products remained as the sole secrete of the business’ success. The business’ success was also heavily determined by its interaction with the immediate external environment. Drexler maintained a good relationship with its neighborhood that enabled it to create and maintain a competitive business. Unlike other businesses, Drexler also had value for its competitors. This enabled the business managers to learn useful skills from their competitors and methods they could use in order to remain in

The Treatment of Premarin Mares and Foals Essay Example for Free

The Treatment of Premarin Mares and Foals Essay You may begin by asking â€Å"what is Premarin? † This is a female hormone replacement drug taken by menopausal women (women that have reached the age where their menstrual period ends) to help alleviate symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness (Pfizer). It is a vaginal estrogen medication that can be substituted by a plant-based drug rather than this horrific drug. Now you may be thinking that this may actually be a good drug. Well, there is a dark side to this drug that the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and popular drug company Pfizer, doesn’t want women to know about. One of those things is the fact that the name Premarin, actually stands for Pregnant Mares Urine. Women are really ingesting horse’s urine. The goal of these drug companies is to gather concentrated pregnant horse’s urine and put it into a pill, vaginal ring, or cream form to distribute to women, giving them hopes of feeling younger. I will explain in more detail about the drug and its effects, but am going to prove that the treatment of these horses while humans attempt to collect the horse’s concentrated urine is completely unacceptable and 100% animal abuse and neglect. We will start at the point of collecting the urine for this drug. There are farms called Pregnant Mare’s Urine (PMU) farms. If you were to visit one of these farms, you would find a barn full of pregnant mares (horses) that are locked in 38 foot stalls, forced to stand for 11 months (a horse’s natural gestation period) with a â€Å"urine collector† hooked to them. One mare provides approximately nine women with estrogen replacement for one year. These mares are turned out at birthing time to give birth and be rebred. Seeing as the mare must be pregnant to be of use to the farms, if the mare does not rebreed within a month and a half, the mare will be put to pasture along with all the foals that go to the â€Å"last chance corral† where they have the ability to be adopted or they will be sent to slaughter. Approximately 9 of 10 colts (male foals) and 8 of 10 fillies (female foals) are sent to slaughter every year (Springhill). Horses that are unfortunate enough to go to slaughter, are generally used for horse meat in Europe and Japanese areas where it is considered a delicacy. This may sound horrific enough, much like a puppy mill producing 60,000 foals per year; however the really disturbing part is yet to be shared. The urine collectors that are hooked up to the mares are rarely cleaned. Now instead of it just being horse’s urine, it’s dirty horse’s urine. And the horse’s urine has to be concentrated, which means these mares must be deprived of water and food, meaning their urine is deprived of any nutrient there may have been. These horses are skin and bones after only a short while, due to the lack of proper nutrition. The FDA approved Premarin and a few other names of the drug, because it does work. However, if you look at the list of 52 extreme side effects, such as vaginal bleeding, increase in blood clots, and increased chances in uterine and breast cancers, which may, in itself detour you from taking this drug (Pfizer). So, why would doctors prescribe this drug to over 9 million women? Most of them only know that they see results when they prescribe this drug and that it is approved through the FDA. The same as with the general public, they don’t get on simple websites and do their homework about what doctors are asking them to ingest. Some of the other names Premarin goes by are Estrace, Estring, Femring, and Vagifem. Some alternatives are Prempro or Provera, which are both plant based ways to harvest estrogen, which offers far fewer serious side effects and just as much of a success rate in being effective. As you can see, Premarin is a dangerous and disgusting drug, that is a cruel and neglectful way of an attempt to make women in their menopausal stage feel better. This is no excuse for humans to treat horses this way, producing 60,000 foals per year, without enough people to adopt them. If you hear of a woman talking about Premarin, or menopause in general, urge them to look into the drugs their doctors want them to take, and if it happens to be Premarin, tell them the truth about these drugs and do not just let them be blinded like the doctors and Pfizer want you to be.

Plant Diseases Through Image Processing Techniques Computer Science Essay

Plant Diseases Through Image Processing Techniques Computer Science Essay Damage of plant is an important issue in agriculture. There are lots of factors involving weather, fungi, artificial drying, and mechanical damage during harvest and storage which can cause damage. NIR spectroscopy for classifying sound and damaged soybean seeds is very useful. NIR spectrometer is used to collect the spectra of single seed then PLS and neural network are used for classification of sound and damaged seeds. Near infrared spectroscopy is used because machine vision cannot provide information related to chemical composition because it is only useful for visible regions. NIR spectroscopy is useful for both physical and chemical properties. Seeds of six categories are used which are sound, weather damaged, frost-damaged, sprout-damaged, heat damaged and mold damaged. Grams/32 software is used for changing reflectance of spectrum in color space L, a , b. L ranges from 0(black) to 100(white), a ranges from -100(green) to 100(red)and b ranges from -100(blue)to 100(yellow). NIR spectrometer is used to collect spectra at a rate of 30/s. Spectrum of 700 sound seeds and 900 seeds damaged by other factors were measured. Two class and six class models are used for classification of sound and damaged soybean seeds with the help of Partial Least Square (PLS) software. Two class model is used for classifying sound and damaged soybean seeds whereas six class model is used for classifying sound seeds and weather, frost, sprout, heat and mold damaged seeds. In order to develop a neural network model for classification of sound and damage soybean seed the Neural Works Professional II/Plus software package is used. The neural network model package is based on back propagation networks. In back propagation networks increment or decrement in weights is needed because of the errors. At first weights are randomly allocated but after every trial weights are adjusted until the errors are reduced to acceptable values. Physical and chemical properties of sound and damaged soybean seeds are totally different so by using only visible wavelength region results in poor classification. By using near infrared region important information can be obtained. Highest classification accuracies can be obtained by using full wavelength region (490-1690nm). By using visible and NIR wavelength region alone results in lower classification accuracy. The best classification can be obtained by using neural network without hidden layer. PLS gives higher classification accuracy if two class classifications is used but in case of classification of six categories classification neural network (NN) gives higher accuracy results. Computer Vision Based Weed Identification Under Field Conditions Using Controlled Lighting Identification of weeds in crops is done by using methods of digital image analysis. Different kind of weeds often grow up with crop and its difficult to differentiate crop and weed so digital image analysis are used which are useful for differentiating both. Images were captured through MatroxMeter(RGB) ,this device provides controlled lighting. Two crops cabbage and carrot are used in greenhouse and open field experiments . For greenhouse experiments weed was added but for open field experiments natural weed population In digital images, it is difficult to differentiate between crop plants and weeds especially when they reached on advanced growth stage. Segmentation algorithm is used for differentiating crops and weeds and soil. This algorithm is based on union of two sets of each image which are S(soil) and V(vegetation). V has two components C (crop) and W (weed). The crop image data used in this research was the image of cauliflower at four different growth stages which are grouped. Experiments were performed on the 12 images. Colour is an important distinguishing feature and used as one component of the selection algorithm. Noise can occur in images through which misclassification occur and can deal by using square morphological closing filter. in a large bright region this filter can reduce the noise by removing small dark holes. Erosion is used for suppressing small bright region and removed pixels from the outer edge of large bright regions. The central position of each plant is located by processing Pv with a large erosion filter. The output of erosion filter is bright central position of crop plant. At growing stage 4 this approach is modified, centroid of soil region has to be found instead of centroid of crop plant. weeds are the main source of bias in the location of grid point. Segmentation algorithm is used to identify crop plant pixels but there was a higher probability of weed pixels being classified as crop plant pixels because they are very close to crop plants and grew in rows. So the difference between the size and texture of crop plant and weed is used in order to find the location of crop plant boundary. Morphological opening filter separates crop from adjoining areas of weed. The last stage involved thresholding the output of opening filter. Improving Plant Discrimination In Image Processing By Use Of Different Colour Space Transformation Image processing is becoming popular in different agricultural applications. color images taken by a digital camera stored in RGB colour space. Colour cameras can deal with large variety of situation for differentiating single object from an image. Thresholding is applied on each colour channel. Separation of object can be improved by transforming RGB by weighting each channel in different way in order to emphasize specific features. Different colour transformations were performed and then compared them. 40 images of RGB colour spaces are used discriminant analysis, canonical transformation, i1i2i3, HSV, HSI and Lab colour spaces were used for transformation. Thresholding is performed on transformed image to convert it into binary images in order to differentiate plant and soil. Manual and automatic thresholding was for i1i2i3,thresholding according to hemming was used for HSV,HSI and Lab colour spaces. Discriminant analysis consists of colour transformation and binarisation. Thresho lding was not needed in discriminant analysis. Linear and logarithmic discriminant functions were used. Logarithmic discriminant analysis is the most effective in discriminating but it takes much time for processing of one image. HSV,HSI am Lab colour spaces gave better results but not in open field.i1i2i3 were recommended for plant detection . This transformation is more useful if the reflection occur due to high solar radiation or some water on leaf. Image pattern classification for the identification of disease causing agents in plants For the identification of plant diseases machine vision system is used. Different images of cotton crops which shows diseased region were used, enhanced, segmented and the feature extraction is performed. The extracted features were then used as inputs to SVM classifier and then testing will be performed to choose the best classification model. Different features such as shape, texture, greylevel, connectivity etc were extracted from segmented region. Co-occurrence matrix was used in order to calculate the image texture. This method is used to measure occurrence of greylevels between a specific position in image and neighboring pixels according to distance and direction. Fractal dimension is a feature which measured dimension of object and box counting algorithm is used to estimate this measurement. Lacunarity was a multiscaled method which measures texture associated with spatial dispersion and gliding box algorithm was used to calculate lacunarity. Different features extracted from 117 images of cotton crops were labeled according to disease they belonged. SVM used Radial Basis Function kernel. There are different problems in classification if it involves more than two classes are used then multiple classes classification was used which uses one-against-one method. Different approaches were used to identify best classification model. Each feature is used as a single input to classifier .the groups of feature were used as inputs to classifier and then all the features except one is used as input. All features were not give the same amount of information so 7 fold cross validation is used. . Fall Armyworm Damaged Maize Plant Identification Using Digital Images An algorithm is developed to identify damaged maize plant by the fall armyworm at simplified lighting conditions using digital color images. Eight different stages of diseased and non-diseased maize plant were taken in three different light intensities. This algorithm involves processing and image analysis. First, the binary images were created by segmentation and then the images were divided into blocks and classified as diseased or non-diseased. The algorithm starts by converting original RGB image into greylevel image then by iterative threshold method it is converted into binary image then by applying 383 median filter its is converted into binary filteres image. These steps are part of first stage which is image processing. For next stage image analysis binary image is subdivided into 12 blocks. Blocks were selected from the subdivided image and then by object identification and counting damaged and non-damaged blocks were classified A review of advanced techniques for detecting plant diseases Diseases in plants are major issue in field of agriculture as they result in major production and economic losses. There is a mechanism called scouting is used for this purpose but this is not only expensive but also time consuming so there is need for a mechanism which is rapid, cost-effective so there are different technologies spectroscopic and imaging based and volatile profiling based plant disease detection methods. In the spectroscopic and imaging techniques, fluorescence spectroscopy, visible IR spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging and hyperspectral imaging involved. In VOC profile-based metabolite analysis released by healthy and diseased plants as a tool for identifying diseases. These methods can accurately detect plant diseases. Automatic Identification of Weed Seeds Image processing techniques were used to obtain seed size, shape, color and texture characteristics. Large database of images were used. Naà ¯ve bayes classifier was used for evaluation. It gives excellent results. Not only the color images were used but also the black and white images of weed seeds were used. By using morphological and textural characteristics as classification feature, it would reduce the complexity and cost. Naà ¯ve bayes classifier and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were used for weed seed identification but naà ¯ve bayes has an excellent performance as compared to ANN. Identification of citrus disease using colour texture features and discriminant analysis Machine vision and AI techniques are used to achieve intelligent farming including early detection of diseases. Colour co-occurrence method is used to determine whether HIS color features in conjunction with statistical classification algorithms would be used to identify diseased and normal citrus leaves under laboratory conditions. Greasy spot, melanose, normal and scab are four different classes of citrus leaves used. By using image processing techniques, algorithms were designed for feature extraction and classification. Colour cooccurence methodology is used for feature extraction. It used colour and texture to get unique features. SAS discriminant analysis is used to evaluate the potential classification accuracies and this can be achieved by a traditional statistical classifier. Image texture feature dataset appeared as the best data model for citrus leaf classification, it uses reduced hue and saturation feature set. It gets high classification accuracy, less computation time and the elimination of intensity features which is beneficial in highly variable outdoor lighting conditions. Fast and accurate detection and classification of plant diseases First the images were acquired using a digital camera then the image processing techniques were applied to extract features which are useful. Then the classification is performed. The algorithm starts by acquiring RGB images. In the next step colour transformation is applied on RGB images. Images were then segmented using K-means clustering techniques. Green pixels are masked by using Ostus method. Pixels with zeros red, green, blue values and boundary pixels of infected objects were removed. The infected cluster is then converted into HIS from RGB. In the next step SGDM matrix were generated for H and S. For calculation of features GLCM function is used. Neural Network is used as a classification tool. Statistical and neural network classifier for citrus disease detection using machine vision Image data sets of common disease of citrus were collected and then CCM is used for detection of diseases. Different strategies and algorithms were developed for classifications which were based on feature obtained from CCM and then compared the classification algorithm in order to check accuracies. After acquiring images image processing algorithms for feature extraction and classification were developed. Feature extraction used CCM methodology. SAS discriminant analysis was used to evaluate the classification accuracies. Classification tests were applied on different classification algorithms. Statistical classifier using Mahalanobis minimum distance method achieved 98% classification accuracy. Neural network classifier using back propagation algorithm and neural network classifier using Radial Basis Function achieved 95% accuracy rate so the Mahalanobis minimum distance method is the best for classification. Rice disease identification using pattern recognition techniques For the identification of rice disease , software prototype system is described. Image segmentation techniques used to detect infected parts of the plants. These infected parts were further used for classification using Neural Network. For feature extraction first the segmentation is performed and for this entropy based bi-level thresholding method is used. After segmentation boundary detection algorithms were applied this uses 8- connectivity method. In the next step spot detection is applied for the normalization of spot size and interpolation method is used for fractional zooming. After this when all the uniform size spots were obtained, unsupervised learning technique Self Organinzing Map is used. Classification of grapefruit peel diseases using colour texture feature analysis Colour texture feature were used for detection of citrus peel disease.images of normal and five common peel diseases which are canker, copper burn, greasy spot, melanose and wind scan were used. Using colour cooccurence method, 39 image texture features were determined. Before applying CCM, RGB is transformed into HSI. SGDM( Spatial Gray level Dependence Matrix)was used to develop color cooccurence texture analysis. Texture feature were then calculated by SGDM. SAS procedure STEPDISC can find variables which are important for discriminating samples and it will use for texture feature selection. SAS procedure DISCRIM creates a discriminant function which was used to develop classification model. This is also used to test the accuracies of classification models. Plant leaves classification based on morphological features and a fuzzy surface selection technique Artificial vision system is designed to extract special features from plant leaves. Feature selection approach is used to identify significant image features and for the classification test Neural Network is used. In morphological feature extraction, morphological and geometrical features were extracted from plant leaves. These features provide critical information. Feature selection is very important task which is needed to determine the most relevant features for pattern recognition. Neural Network take features as inputs and perform classification. Weed seeds identification by machine vision There is a need of fast and reliable method for the identification and classification of seeds. Seeds of 57 weed species were used. Different features extractes were used as classification parameter . 12 classification parameters were used in which 6 morphological, 4 colour and 2 textural were involved. With the help of these parameters naà ¯ve bayes and Artificial Neural Network were compared for the identification of seed species. ANN performed better than naà ¯ve bayes.

Language Relativity Hypothesis

Language Relativity Hypothesis Language Relativity Hypothesis Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Does Language Affect Out Thoughts? Abstract Benjamin Lee Whorf and his teacher and mentor Edward Sapir developed the theory that language affects our thoughts and perceptions. This theory proposes that there is a systematic relationship between the grammar of a language a person speaks and how that person both understand the world and behaves in it. Today linguists now call that theory the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, or Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis. Studies have not conclusively proven Whorfs and Sapirs theory, however, there is intriguing data to support their idea. Does Language Shape our Thoughts? Most humans communicate with each other through language. At this time, there is thought to be over 5000 different languages in use today, and most are quite different from each other (Stanford encyclopedia, n.d.). The relationship between language and thought is an important question in Cognitive Science. Do speakers of different languages think differently about the world? This question has been attracting thinkers from Plato to Whorf, but despite much attention and debate, definitive answers have not been forthcoming. Benjamin Lee Whorf and his mentor and teacher Edward Sapir, examined the question of how language affects our thoughts, in their renowned and much considered Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Linguistic relativity hypothesis/ Whorf-Sapir hypothesis Linguistic relativity or what is also referred to as the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis, was developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf and was an expansion on his mentor, Edward Sapirs, theory that language has a coherent and systematic nature and interacts at a wider level with thought and behavior (Yale University, n.d.). Whorf proposed that there is a systematic relationship between the grammar of a language a person speaks and how that person both understand the world and behaves in it (Whorf, 1956). The hypothesis postulates that a particular languages nature influences the habitual thought of its speakers: that different language patterns yield different patterns of thought (Stanford encyclopedia, n.d.) Though there is no empirical proof of this hypothesis, there is convincing data to support this theory. In the past, the bulk of research was concentrated on supporting or disproving the Whorfs hypothesis, with very little new research being done (Lucy, 1992). According to Lucy (1992) there is little experimental data that is able to disprove Whorfs theory, and they are questioned due to the research methods used (Lucy, 1992). However, in the last decade, Whorfs idea has taken on new enthusiasm within the linguist research community and new data is emerging that supports the original idea. Benjamin Lee Whorf According to the Linguistic department at Yale University (n.d.) Benjamin was an influential American linguist that first graduated first from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1918 with a degree in chemical engineering. In 1931, Whorf changed focus and began studying his passion for linguistics at Yale University, where he first began developing his now famous hypothesis under his professor and mentor Edward Sapir. In 1936, Whorf was selected for an Honorary Research Fellowship in Anthropology at Yale and received the Sterling Fellowship in 1937. He was a lecturer in Anthropology from 1937 through 1938 in the field of linguistics. Whorf focus was Linguistic Anthropology, Psychological Linguistics, Mayan hieroglyphics and a dictionary of Hopi languages (Yale Linguistics, n.d.). This is where he began to develop his ideas about language and our perceptions. Principle of Linguistic Relativity Zhu Zhifang (2002) author of Linguistic relativity and Cultural Communication, shares that while Whorf was investigated Hebrew, Aztec, Maya, Hopi and other unfamiliar languages, he discovered that these languages were structured differently from that of English and other European languages. Languages, with different collocations of semantic ideas might provide different segmentation of experience (Whorf, 1956 p. 56). Zhifang (2002) continues to clarify that Whorf put a great deal of emphasis on the Hopi language. A language, he thought, had a grammar much more complicated and subtle than that of the European languages. Whorf saw that experiences were segmented by language in a very different way, not only by its lexicon but also by its grammatical organization. The notion of linguistic relativity is the suggestion that all ones life has been tricked by the structure of language into a certain way of perceiving reality, with the implication that awareness of this trickery will enable one to see the world with fresh insight (Zhifang 2002, p.263). With a detailed description of the grammatical and semantic structure of the Hopi language, Whorf concludes: All this is an illustration of how language produces an organization of experience. We are inclined to think of language simply as a technique of expression, not to realize that language first of all is a classification and arrangement of the stream of sensory experience which results in a certain world order, a certain segment of the world that is easily expressible by the type of symbolic means that language employs. (Whorf, 1956, p. 55) Language Metaphysics (Philosophy) Eleanor Rosch (1987) explains in her paper, Linguistic relativity, etc.: A Review of General Semantics, that the average European languages uses objects (nouns) as the basic unit of reality, which is composed of substance, form, and actions (verbs). All of which, Rosch (1987) describes, as existing in an objective, three-dimensional space, and a one-dimensional uniform and perpetual flow of time, expressed in sentence tense, that create our perceptions. Rosch (1987) further explains that in his study of the Hopi language, Whorf discovered that they do not differentiate between objects and actions. Object and actions are more accurately described as events, different from each other according to a length of time. Instead of considering substance, motion, space, and time, Hopi grammar separates their world by two main beliefs about language, manifested (objective) and Un-manifest (Subjective) (Rosch, 1987). Manifested comprises all that is or has been accessible to the senses, and un-manifested is considered all that the Hopi call the future (Rosch, 1987). Zhifang (2002) takes Roschs ideas and further demonstrates that Whorf discovered the Hopi language functions entirely without tenses for its verbs and has no general understanding or perception of time and does not think of time as a linear continuum in which all in the world moves at an equal rate. The Hopi language contains no words, grammatical forms, constructions or expressions referring directly to what Europeans call time, or to past, present, future, or to enduring or lasting . (Zhifang, 2002, p. 164). Rosch (1987) states that the metaphysics understood in the sentence structure of European languages, makes it reasonable to examine and evaluate sentences into, what we consider actions, and results of actions. However, according to Whorf, these ideas are gross distortions when used as units of analysis for various American Indian Languages. (Rosch, 1987). According to Rosch (1987), Whorf uses the example of how Indian languages translate into English as a demonstration of the differences in thought processes between the two languages. He uses Apache, It is a dripping spring is deciphered as As water, or springs, whiteness moves downward in English. Another example, in Shawnee, cleaning gun with a ramrod is direct hollow moving dry spot by movement of tool in English (Rosch, 1987). Zhifang (2002) sums up Roschs observations by stating that Whorf argued that every language conceals a metaphysics. (Zhifang 2002, p. 163) The Hopi language applies a philosophy unlike that of European languages. Zhifang, (2002) explains that the difference in concepts and abstractions associated with Hopi language make up a foreign metaphysics from that of European languages. From the Western standpoint, this philosophy appears mystical in nature (Zhifang, 2002). They are ideas which we are accustomed to consider as part and parcel either of so-called animistic or vitalistic beliefs, or of those transcendental unifications of experience and intuitions of things unseen that are felt by the consciousness of the mystic, or which are given out in mystical and (or) so-called occult systems of thought. These abstractions are definitely given either explicitly in wordspsychological or metaphysical termsin the Hopi language, or, even more, are implicit in the very structure and grammar of the language, as well as being observable in Hopi culture and behavior. (Whorf, 1956, p. 58-59). Whorf is not the only one who had this idea of cultural differences in language. Alfred Korzybski came to a similar view of cultural differences in language, several years before Whorf. He explained that, Culturally inherited structure of an individuals language, including his or her terminology, grammar, logic, semantics, doctrines, etc. relates to assumptions, premises, implications about the structure of ourselves and the world. (Korzybski, 1933, p. 92). Author Alfred Korzybski (1933), in is article Science and Sanity, summed up the power of language well: We do not realize what tremendous power the structure of a habitual language has. It is not an exaggeration to say that it enslaves us through the mechanism of semantic or evaluational reactions and that the structure which a language exhibits, and impresses upon us unconsciously is automatically projected upon the world around us (Korzybski, 1933, p. 90). Language and Thought As demonstrated through Whorfs observation of the Hopi language and the differences in semantics from European language, we see a pattern of information that gave rise to his hypothesis. However, Lera Boroditsky, professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (MIT), reminds us that a definitive answer to the questions does language shape thoughts?, has been a challenging task (Boroditsky, 2003). Not until the last decade, has research on language and thought gained new interest. As a result, new evidence has become available on peoples perspectives of space, time, and objects. Spatial differences in Language and Thought Remarkable differences in semantics have been observed in the way languages illustrate spatial locations. While most languages rely a great deal on relative spatial terms to express the relative locations of objects (left, right, front, back), Tzeltal, a Mayan language, relies largely on absolute reference (a system similar to English north and south direction system) (Levinson, 1996) . Levinson (1996), points out that to the Tzeltal, spatial observations that are north are expressed as downhill and those south are expressed as uphill. This absolute uphill/downhill approach is the main system to express spatial relations between objects in Tzeltal. There is no corresponding equivalent to the English term front/back or left/right (Levinson, 1996). To test whether this difference between the two languages has cognitive consequences, Levinson (1996) created a study whereas Dutch and Tzeltal speakers were tested in spatial tasks. In one study, participants were seated at a table and an arrow lay in front of them pointing either to the right (north) or to the left (south). Levinson (1996) explains how the arrows were rotated 180 degree to a second table which had two arrows (one pointing to the left (north) and one to the right (south), and were asked to identify the arrow like the one they saw before. The study reveled that Dutch speakers would choose the relative solution. Further testing of Levinsons (1996) theory showed that if the arrow pointed to the right (and north), Dutch speakers would chose the arrow that still pointed to the right (though this time it pointed south instead of the previous north). Tzeltal did precisely the reverse, and chose the absolute solution. Levinson (1996) confirmed that if the arrow direction was to the right (and north) Tzeltal speakers chose the arrow that still pointed north (though it now pointed left instead of right). Thus, explains Levinson (1996), the Tzeltal language relies a great deal on absolute reference in spatial description. It has also affected their understanding of a non-linguistic orientation task (Levinson, 1996). Time Differences in Language and Thought Languages also differ from one another on their use and understanding of time. While all languages use spatial expressions to address time (I will see you tomorrow, he was ahead of his time, he is behind in his homework), different languages use unique spatial terms (Boroditsky, 2001). He demonstrates how English primarily uses front/back vocabulary to talk about time, as evidence in terms such as we still have our vacation ahead of us, or that incident is behind us, or we are moving forward, or go back to the beginning and take your shoes off before you enter. The language employed to organize events are the same as those used to articulate asymmetric horizontal spatial relations (he is looking forward to tomorrow or the hard times are behind us) (Boroditsky, 2001, p. 2). According to Boroditsky (2001), the Mandarin language also uses front/back spatial terms to describe time relationships such as the spatial term Xian (front) and Hou (back). What makes Mandarin remarkable is that the Mandarin language also systematically uses vertical metaphors to address time. The special word shang (up) and xia (down) are often used discuss the sequence of events roughly translated into English as last and next (Boroditsky, 2001). Earlier events are said to be shang (up) and later events are said to be xia (down). In summary, both the Mandarin and English language use horizontal terms to talk about time. In addition Mandarin speakers also use the vertical term shang and xia (Boroditsky, 2001). Boroditsky (2001) discusses how the English and Mandarin ways of talking, lead to differences in how people think about time. Boroditsky (2001) analyzed a group of studies and discovered that Mandarin speakers tend to think about time vertically even when they are thinking for English. Boroditsky (2001) observed that Mandarin speakers could more rapidly confirm that March comes earlier than April, if they had just seen a vertical group of objects than if they had seen a horizontal arrangement. Boroditsky (2001) noticed that the opposite was true for English speakers. Another study showed that the extent to which Mandarin-English bilinguals think about time vertically is related to how old they were when they first began to learn English. According to Boroditsky (2001), this last outcome implies two things; language is a convincing tool in the influence of thought and ones native language plays a role in shaping habitual thought. Objects Languages also differ in how names of objects are grouped into grammatical categories. Boroditsky (2001) uses the argument that a many languages use grammatical gender and unlike English, many languages use a grammatical gender system where all nouns (chair, socks and books) are assigned a gender. Languages that use grammatical gender are required to assign objects a gender role by using gendered pronouns and modifying adjectives or verbs to match gender use with nouns (Boroditsky, 2001). This effects the how a person thinks about inanimate objects when assigned a gender. Boroditsky, together Michal Ramscar and Wendy Ham, conducted four studies that suggests assigning grammatical genders to objects with language does influence peoples mental representations of objects (Boroditsky, Ham Ramscar, 2002). Spanish and German speakers were asked to rate similarities between pictures of people (male and female) and pictures of objects (the names of which had opposite genders in Spanish and German). Both groups rated grammatically feminine objects to be more similar to females and grammatically masculine objects more similar to males. This was true even though all objects had opposite genders in Spanish and German. It appears that even a small fluke of grammar (the seemingly arbitrary assignment of a noun to be masculine or feminine) can have an effect on how people think about things in the world (Boroditsky, et al, 2002, p. 136) Summary Through Whorf study of languages, especially his interest in Native Indian languages, he expanded on his mentors idea that language has a coherent and systematic nature to develop his now famous Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. He was not the first to propose the idea that language affects our thoughts and perception, but it is his hypothesis that inspired others such as Levisons research on spatial relationships and language, and Boroditskys study of language in relationship to objects and time, to continue the search to find answers for his assumptions. Additional investigation into linguistic relativity will eventually reveal the exact nature of the connections between language and cognitive function. These studies will help us to establish what might be the commonality of all human cognition. References Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought? Mandarin and English speakersconception of time. Cognitive Psychology 43 (1): 1-22. Boroditsky, L., Ham, W. and Ramscar, M., (2002). What is universal about event perceptions? Comparing English and Idonesian speakers. Proceedings of the 24th Annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from: http://www.cogsci.rpi.edu/CSJarchive/Proceedings/2002/CogSci02.pdf Kodish, B. (2003). What we do with language what it does with us. Etc: A Review of General Semantics, 60(4), 383-395. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection database. Korzybski, A., 1994 (1933). Science and Sanity: An introduction to non-aristotelian systems and general semantics. Fifth Edition. Institute of general Semantics. Brooklyn, NY: Levinson, S., (1996). Frames of reference and Molyneuxs question: research into cross- linguistic evidence. In: Bloom P and Peterson M (eds) Language and Space, pp. 109-169. Lucy, J. (1997). Linguistic relativity.Annual Review of Anthropology,26,291-312. Retrieved August 21, 2008, from Research Librarydatabase. (Document ID:21752097). Rosch, E. (1987, Fall). Linguistic relativity, etc.: A Review of General Semantics, 44(3), 254- 279. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Education Research Complete database. Stanford Encyclopedia, (n.d.). The Linguistic relativity hypothesis. Stanford University. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relativism/supplement2.html Yale Linguistics, (n.d.), Benjamin Lee Whorf. Yale University. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from website: http://www.ling.yale.edu/history/whorf.html and http://www.ling.yale.edu/history/sapir.html. Whorf, B., (1956). Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Edited by Carroll, J., Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1998. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from: http://books.google.com/books?id=W2d1Q4el00QCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Language,+thought+and+realitysig=ACfU3U0-0aOK_v3HYwbXt0FxR-AVFVaT0A#PPA1,M1 Zhifang, Z. (2002, May). Linguistic Relativity and Cultural Communication. Educational Philosophy Theory, 34(2), 161-170. Retrieved August 22, 2008, doi:10.1080/00131850120102231.

The Purpose of Sati in Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essays

The general image of Sati and the reasoning that surrounded it filled the Western imagination with repulsion as well as admiration. In the nineteenth century, Westerners publishing diaries of their travels always included their experiences when viewing Sati. Although these travelers, usually men, watched with horror, they also admired the courage and the dignity of the women involved (Hawley 3). What was known in England of Sati was from the accounts of the colonial officials and travelers who witnessed it (Courtright 28). It would not surprise one to assume that Charlotte Bronte, in her drive for knowledge and her stand on women's freedom, would have taken an interest in such an act; and indeed she incorporates it in Jane Eyre. In 1829, the British government prohibited the act of Sati. Twenty years later, Charlotte Bronte presents a text in which she presents the "topos of feminism in imperialism" (Perera 80). With the use of the custom of Sati, Charlotte Bronte writes a novel whic h coveys the contrast between the east and the west, the old and the new, revealed sexuality and repressed sexuality. The two characters, Jane and Bertha, each represent a different region; while Bertha represents the East and the ancient, Jane represents the new and the modern. Dorothy K. Stein finds that Sati was a motif used for feminist discussions in Victorian England: [Sati] did not occur in England, but many manifestations of the attitudes and anxieties underlying the practice did. Nineteenth-century respectability in both England and India divided women into exalted and degraded classes, not only on basis of actual or imputed sexual behavior, but also on the basis of whether that behavior was at all times controlled and supervised, pref... ... the anger that she had expressed as a young girl, due to the fact that her society does not accept it. This anger that she once held inside is prevelant in Bertha's act. It is in the Red Room that Jane "became increasingly alive with bristling energy, feelings, and sensations, and with all sorts of terrifying amorphous matter and invisible phantoms" (Knapp 146). This igniting energy and flow of feelings, are very similar to those that Bertha realises at Thornfield. With the death of Bertha, Jane is now able to live with the man she loves. Bertha's death precedes a successful union between Rochester and Jane. When they are finally reunited, they are equal (Showalter 122). When Rochester and Jane finally get together, their relationship succeeds due to the fact that he has learned how it feels to be helpless and how to accept the help of a woman (Showalter 122). The Purpose of Sati in Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essays The general image of Sati and the reasoning that surrounded it filled the Western imagination with repulsion as well as admiration. In the nineteenth century, Westerners publishing diaries of their travels always included their experiences when viewing Sati. Although these travelers, usually men, watched with horror, they also admired the courage and the dignity of the women involved (Hawley 3). What was known in England of Sati was from the accounts of the colonial officials and travelers who witnessed it (Courtright 28). It would not surprise one to assume that Charlotte Bronte, in her drive for knowledge and her stand on women's freedom, would have taken an interest in such an act; and indeed she incorporates it in Jane Eyre. In 1829, the British government prohibited the act of Sati. Twenty years later, Charlotte Bronte presents a text in which she presents the "topos of feminism in imperialism" (Perera 80). With the use of the custom of Sati, Charlotte Bronte writes a novel whic h coveys the contrast between the east and the west, the old and the new, revealed sexuality and repressed sexuality. The two characters, Jane and Bertha, each represent a different region; while Bertha represents the East and the ancient, Jane represents the new and the modern. Dorothy K. Stein finds that Sati was a motif used for feminist discussions in Victorian England: [Sati] did not occur in England, but many manifestations of the attitudes and anxieties underlying the practice did. Nineteenth-century respectability in both England and India divided women into exalted and degraded classes, not only on basis of actual or imputed sexual behavior, but also on the basis of whether that behavior was at all times controlled and supervised, pref... ... the anger that she had expressed as a young girl, due to the fact that her society does not accept it. This anger that she once held inside is prevelant in Bertha's act. It is in the Red Room that Jane "became increasingly alive with bristling energy, feelings, and sensations, and with all sorts of terrifying amorphous matter and invisible phantoms" (Knapp 146). This igniting energy and flow of feelings, are very similar to those that Bertha realises at Thornfield. With the death of Bertha, Jane is now able to live with the man she loves. Bertha's death precedes a successful union between Rochester and Jane. When they are finally reunited, they are equal (Showalter 122). When Rochester and Jane finally get together, their relationship succeeds due to the fact that he has learned how it feels to be helpless and how to accept the help of a woman (Showalter 122).

Australian Broadcasting Essay -- Media

INTRODUCTION The Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) was formed in 1932 and the first ABC radio broadcast took place on 1 July that the same year. 1956 saw the beginning of television broadcasting in 1956 and its independent corporation was in 1983. The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) however commenced broadcasting much later 1975 and its television broadcasting began in 1980 and became an independent corporation in 1991. The ABC and SBS are all statutory , independent authorities established via legislation and their roles and functions are set out in their respective Charters. For instance the ABC Charter vests the ABC, with functions such as providing within Australia innovative and comprehensive broadcasting, services of a high standard, provide programs that contribute to a sense of national identity and to inform and entertain, and reflect the cultural diversity of, the Australian community. Moreover it is mandated to provide broadcasting programs of an educational nature promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia transmit to other countries programs of news, current affairs, entertainment and cultural enrichment that encourage awareness of Australia and an international understanding of Australian attitudes on world affairs . The SBS Charter provides that the principal function of SBS is to provide multilingual and multicultural radio and television services that inform, educate and entertain all Australians, and in doing so, reflect Australia’s multicultural society . SBS also has specific functions, including, contributing to meeting the communication needs of Australia’s ethnic and Aboriginal The ABS and SBS provide the Australian public with news broadcasts, television programmi... ...leem, Saed, and Stephen Shellhammer. TV White Space Sectrum Technologies. Florida: CRC Press, 2011. Campbell, Dennis. International Securities Law and regulations. Sydney: York Hill Law, 2007. Conroy, Stephen. ABS and SBS. Australian Government, Sydney: Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, 2008. Digital Broadcasting Australia. "SBS chooses 720p High Definition." Digital Broadcasting Australia. Sydney, December 14th, 2006. Grant, Alsadai. Australian Telecommunications Regulation Communications Law Centre. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004. Murray, Lisa. "SBS caves in over ad breaks." The Sydney Morning Herald, June 2, 2006. Pan, Hui. Asia-Pacific Telecom Monthly Newsletter. Boston: Information Gatekeeper Inc, 2010. Stuart, Cunningham, and Graeme Turner. The Media and Communications in Australia. Singapore: KHL Printing Company Ltd, 2010.

Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death Essay examples -- Mas

Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death      Ã‚   After reading Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of Red Death" (317-22), the reader can only conclude that death is the theme once again in another thrilling horror tale. Other critics such as Patricia H. Wheat, view this tale as a battle between life and death (51-56). Yet, Leonard Cassuto brings an interesting theory to this tale--"According to the narrator's own account, no one survives the Red Death. The only one who(lives) is Death. The narrator must be death himself" (317-20). Reflecting back to the various critical analogies on tone, character, and allegory on "The Masque of Red Death" a certain aspect of this work has yet to be defined. The plague that devastated a whole countryside could only be described. Could it be that Poe uses this fiction to chronicle his own encounters with death in his own life? To better understand this viewpoint a short summary is incorporated:    " The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it's seal-the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim was the pest ban, which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease were the incidents of half an hour" (Poe 317-22).    In this passage Poe describes a plague that death uses to take its victims. The horrific manner in which the disease appears -- bleeding at the pores, sharp pains, and seizures--can be related back to episodes in... ...Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.    Works Consulted Alton, Laura. "Masque of Red Allegory." 30 Oct.,1999. <http://www.neo.Irun.com/12stark/12smith/Netpages/Masque/alton.htm>. Bell, H.H. " The Masque of Red Death An Interpretation." South Atlantic Bulletin. 38 (Nov. 1973) 101-105. Dudley, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction. 30 (1993), 169-73. Silk, Richard D. "Poe's The Masque of Red Death". Explicator, 47(1989) 24-26. Womack, Martha. "Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of Red Death." 28 Oct. 1999. <http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/>.    Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death Essay examples -- Mas Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death      Ã‚   After reading Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of Red Death" (317-22), the reader can only conclude that death is the theme once again in another thrilling horror tale. Other critics such as Patricia H. Wheat, view this tale as a battle between life and death (51-56). Yet, Leonard Cassuto brings an interesting theory to this tale--"According to the narrator's own account, no one survives the Red Death. The only one who(lives) is Death. The narrator must be death himself" (317-20). Reflecting back to the various critical analogies on tone, character, and allegory on "The Masque of Red Death" a certain aspect of this work has yet to be defined. The plague that devastated a whole countryside could only be described. Could it be that Poe uses this fiction to chronicle his own encounters with death in his own life? To better understand this viewpoint a short summary is incorporated:    " The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it's seal-the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim was the pest ban, which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease were the incidents of half an hour" (Poe 317-22).    In this passage Poe describes a plague that death uses to take its victims. The horrific manner in which the disease appears -- bleeding at the pores, sharp pains, and seizures--can be related back to episodes in... ...Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.    Works Consulted Alton, Laura. "Masque of Red Allegory." 30 Oct.,1999. <http://www.neo.Irun.com/12stark/12smith/Netpages/Masque/alton.htm>. Bell, H.H. " The Masque of Red Death An Interpretation." South Atlantic Bulletin. 38 (Nov. 1973) 101-105. Dudley, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction. 30 (1993), 169-73. Silk, Richard D. "Poe's The Masque of Red Death". Explicator, 47(1989) 24-26. Womack, Martha. "Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of Red Death." 28 Oct. 1999. <http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/>.   

Faust and Job Essay

While he was yet speaking , there came also another, and said, The fire of God is fallen from heaven, and hath burned up the sheep, and the servants, and consumed them; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee† (Bridge Builder’s Bible, Job. 1.12-16). Job loses his possessions, his children,and he suffers health wise. He becomes very ill, but no matter what life brought him he still remained faithful to God. Job could have easily given in as Faust did. In this life we have choices to make whether they be good or evil. We must suffer the consequences for every wrong deed we choose. It takes a strong will power to be determined to do right like Job. Faust believes there is a narrow limitation on the world in which he have been living until he interacts with Mephistopheles. Faust feels he knows enough about philosophy and heros of old legends. He now recalls for a divine law that proves that this action is the ruling force of the universe. This pact deal that was made was set up to fail Faust. Faust did not believe in a heaven or hell, which means he is betting his life rather than selling his soul. In Faust’s mind he is not sure if a eternal life even exists. If he gave up the world that he was living in he really felt that he would be just giving up something that dissatisfied him any way. Faust’s desires is not so much an evil one, but the idea that he has made this pact deal with the devil brings on many concerns about this decision he has made. The devil is unsure of his own ability to fulfill all the request that Faust made to him. However, the devil accepts these challenges and make sure the pact deal is signed in blood. Faust is very eager at this point to taste all the aspects of life that he thinks he have neglected. Although at first Faust rejects the offers made by Mephistopheles, he still ends up given in to this temptation. Faust should have kept his belief when saying, â€Å"the world’s pleasures cannot end his doubts or satisfy his needs† (Cliffnotes:Faust study iii). Faust is being taking advantaged of because Mephistopheles knows Faust’s weaknesses. He knows that Faust is striving to understand the universe and his place in it, while Mephistopheles has something totally different in mind from Faust. Faust just happened to be at the crossroads in his life. He was a very well-esteemed man and an intelligent scholar who was highly looked on. The book of Faust came out during the eighteenth centuries, so attitudes then may have had an impact on how people, in particular Goethe may have viewed life. During that time attitudes were focused more toward earthly life and beyond. Looking at Faust attitude compared to Job’s, I see that Job was strong while Faust was weak. I find them to be different from each other just by viewing who gave in to this trick. It is plain to see that Faust gave in and Job stood his ground. It means a whole lot when someone can stand their grounds and not be moved by nothing in this world. Job’s world was in turmoil, but this did not interfere with his faith nor the confidence he had. Satan was concerned with getting souls that he can keep for eternity. He used any tactics he could to seduce Faust. The Devil offered earthly things to blindfold Faust. The Lord did let Mephistopheles know that when he grants him permission to engage in Faust’s life, Faust will be fully aware of the righteous path, whether he chooses it or not. I believe at this point Faust is beginning to see Mephistopheles for who he really is. I had came to this conclusion personally when I read these lines: â€Å"Your real being no less than your fame Is often shown, sirs, by your name, Which is not hard to analyze When one calls you the Liar, Destroyer, God of Flies. Enough, who are you then? Part of that force which would Do evil evermore, and yet creates the good. What is it that this puzzle indicates? I am the spirit that negates. And rightly so, for all that comes to be Deserves to perish wretchedly;’Twere better nothing would begin. Thus everything that your terms, sin, Destruction, evil represent- That is my proper element. You call yourself a part, yet whole make your debut† (Goethe 705)? Mephistopheles was a smooth talking and slick which reminds me of Satan himself. Job at some point in his life wished he had never been born. How can anyone fault Job for feeling the way he did after going through these horrible storms in his life. He had to face these mountains and conquer his fears. I do understand Job was human, so he had a right to feel saddened or possibly even lonely. Faust longs to find something absolutely enduring so that he can end his alienation. He rather ignore reality just to have pleasures fulfilled for a few years rather than having something that will please him forever. Faust understands life, but he wants to dig deeper into the truth about supernatural things. In return for his search on this he turns to magic which leads him to making this pact deal with the devil in the first place. Satan plan he had for Job did not work as God said. Mephistopheles tries to criticize God by saying he made an imperfect world. However, he did help God carry out his will through using this pact deal with Faust. Satan main goal and purpose is to defeat God by taking over every soul. It is evidently true just reading: â€Å"And in return, what do you hope to take? There’s so much time so who insist? No, no! The Devil is an egoist And would not just for heaven’s sake Turn into a philanthropist. Make your conditions very clear; Where such a servant lives, danger is near† (Goethe 711). It is obvious that Mephistopheles is not on Faust side. Once he get him right where he wants him he is going to surely take his life. What good can come from someone when they encourage another human being to take their life. No friend would want to see you die. I consider that to be for someone who hates you and they must be cold-hearted. One comes to know good by knowing evil. A person can not come to know God without knowing this knowledge. True knowledge is gotten only from experience. Just like the Devil Mephistopheles often speaks the truth to get what he wants. Faust wanted much and he was never satisfied so greed began to take over his life. Job was satisfied with what God had given him and that is how he was able to stand on the word of God. He return for Job’s pain God restored to him everything that he had lost. He gave him back more than what he had before. Faust struggle with self worth causes him to have an inability to have faith in God. However, God does not give up on Faust. Believe it or not God gives us many chances in this world today because he has not given up on us either. God knew Faust struggled, but he allowed him to reach his low point in order to draw him back. Mephistopheles duty was to lead Faust down a dark road. If Satan could have done the same thing to Job he would have, but Job was too strong for him. Therfore, Satan fault a loosing battle with Job. In the process Faust is responsible for three deaths in this story, although he was influenced by Mephistopheles. God has given us the spirit of unlimited belief.The battle really begins in our mind. It is our will and emotions that control what we do or think. We must stop limiting God by the level of our faith or belief. He is and will always be the God of the impossible. People must demand that Satan leave them alone and not just ask this. It is good to know that by the power of the holy spirit we have authority over Satan to tell him what to do. Satan must be put in his place. Satan is a great pretender, so don’t be deceived by his fierce growl. I am encouraged knowing this scriptures, â€Å"and put on the whole armor of God so that ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked† (Bridge Builder’s Bible, Ephesians6.11-18). After being tested it feels good to know t hat someone passed their test and did not fail. I must be strong myself and not get caught up in the crossroads of my own life. People must have faith in order to make it in this world. Nothing can compare to what God has to offer us in heaven. God is amazing and he is the almighty whom we must answer to. It is great to have Job like attitude and not Faust attitude towards life. I encourage people to be strong in the Lord, having much faith. Works Cited Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Faust. New York:W.W Norton &Company, 1984. Lawall, Sarah, ed. The Norton Anthology of world literature .London: Castle House, 1909. Rod Parsley. Bridge Builder’s Bible. Deerfield: International Christian Publishers, 1997. Cliffs Notes -The Fastest Way to Learn. Wiley Publishing, Inc. 2000-2010 Faust, Parts 1 and 2. 11 November 2010 .

Personal Computer and Local Area Networks

1. Scalabilit y refers to the mightiness of a breeding processing system, product, or system to be available 24/7 for changeless use without breaking down. (True/False) 2. Softw atomic number 18 that manages the resources of the computer is called A) operating system software. B) application software. C) info management software. D) network software. 3. Reducing computer power consumption is a go priority for grid computation. (True/False) 4.The network standardised for connecting desktop computers into local area networks that enabled the far-flung adoption of client/server computing and local area networks and further worked up the adoption of personal computers is A) TCP/IP B) COBOL C) Ethernet D) ASCII 5. Which of the succeeding(a) is NOT an example of the emerge mobile computing platforms? A) netbooks B) the Kindle C) jail cell phones D) CRM E) iPad 6. Connecting geographically remote computers in a single network to create a virtual supercomputer is called A) co-lo cation.B) edge computing. C) grid computing. D) public utility company computing. E) cloud-computing 7. In the age of the Internet, Porters traditional combative forces model is still at work, except a)Competitive rivalry has become much more(prenominal) intense b)Barrier to entry is higher c)Customer demands are unpredictable d)Suppliers come and go 8. In the encourage chain model, primary activities are most directly related to the achievement and distribution of the firms products and services that create value for the a)broker )supplier c)customer d)organization e)system 9. Which of the following is NOT one of the agonistic forces? A) suppliers B) other competitors C) external environment D) customers E) wholesalers and distributors 10. Which of the following statements is NOT true about information technologys impacts on business firms? A) It helps firms expand in size. B) It helps firms lower the cost of market participation. C) It helps abridge internal management cost s. D) It helps reduce transaction costs.

Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay

Authentic leadership is a force.Every organisation with different grounds has to take portion in alteration. The high ground may differ from increasing market portion, traveling with the competition, altering with the society or can besides be in order to last in the market. Change is something deeds that is a critical, compulsory and requires all direction maps, which are Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting ( by Henry Fayol 1937 ) .1.Its essential to have good direction for a company to succeed as workers respond favorably towards their leadership and will comply with a leader.pdf ) .Over the old ages one many change direction theories and theoretical accounts have developed out of which there are some popular and widely used theories, there are no peculiar front-runner theories for deploying alteration, and it would surely be agreed that the whole construct is comparatively immature and developing. The whole construct is once more really situational and requires new single attack based on the organisation and the alteration it wishes to undergo. But, one of the most popular logical and widely used alteration direction theory it the McKinsey ‘s 7S theoretical account, which can non merely be used as a little alteration direction theory, but besides in instance of analyzing an organisation and its activities.

An excellent leader will have ability to acquire the maximum quality from Realtors they possess the capacity.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_mail ) , large Royal Mail employees the staff up to 121,000, which exceeds the figure of staff in full Royal direct Mail Group ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.Second, the manager should show integrity in executing their duties.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , as more and more concern organisations and persons depend upon E-mails and assorted IT based formats to pass on.

The supervisor also needs to be able to ease the change by mobilizing the employees to sell the notion of the change.1: – Decreasing Net incomesRoyal Mail faced serious functional issues, which made its operation suffer losingss up to ?279 million in the fiscal twelvemonth of 2007 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7417634.Fifthly, a manager ought to be in a place to devote time to collect information required to first express the way the significant the company is to the firm.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8426538.stm ) .

Businesses search for a bachelor degree holder although generally most small firms hunt for expertise in the area.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) . The direction found out that most of its potential rivals used high-tech machinery for screening and administering doing them more efficient and therefore deriving the trusts of the clients, and that they are falling behind as they have non been able to overhaul ( spatial hypertext transfer protocol: //news.INTRODUCTION When companies need to accomplish significant change they turn to some leader extract from from the organization.Therefore, 2nd most of import issue necessitating the direction to do critical technological alterations called for a modernisation policy.3.3: – marked Decrease in MarketResearch conducted by the BBC shows that Royal Mail delivers around 75 million stations everyday. It counts to 90 per centum of the UK ‘s market.

Each member ought to have the abdominal discomfort of failure and must feel responsible for work.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) . This decrease in the market public shows that the direction needs to be really efficient in their operations.3.All staff members must realize deeds that should they re not able to satisfy their undertakings deadline or are not more able to execute their Jobs satisfactorily, they are letting the team instead of Just the project supervisor down.stm ) , These issues forced the direction to travel things otherwise, and to come up with a policy that make their military operations more profitable, and the could vouch their endurance and being as UK taking electronic mail administering organisation.4: – The Modernization Policy of Royal MailIt is really clear, that a stringent policy was required to undertake all the important issue ( mentioned supra ) that direction faced and to prolong in long tally, the direction did the exact thing by bordering a ecological modernisation policy, which could be called as a type of procedure alteration by Pull offing alteration logical and passage Harvard Business Essential. The policy required the direction to bring on extra finance of around 1.2 billion in modern machine.

The work group are derived from the leader and free will be not able to behave.stm ) , and the policy besides focused on altering the agenda of the employee, to do their labour hr direction more effectual.The purpose of modernisation policy was to undertake logical and startle Royal mail working against all the above mentioned issues. The inducement of excess finance unlooked for machinery would intend that the operation of mail would be more effectual, speedier and able to vie keyword with the increasing and competent competition. The decrease in staff would ensue into cost effectual operations and therefore increasing its net net income and ensuing into lessening in its pension fund shortages.Learning manners group common methods other people learn.uk/1/hi/business/8339201.stm ) and could farther increase harmonizing to the CWU ( Communication Workers Union, which represented the Staff of Royal Mail ) . The political Union agreed with direction on the staff decrease for endur ance, but disagreed on the gait of occupation cuts logical and the wage rise issues.It would be undue towards the direction if I said that they failed to follow the alteration opposite direction theory, of McKinsey ‘s seven ‘S ‘ .

stm ) .5. 1: – ‘Royal Mail Industrial Dispute ‘A confrontation and consent with CWU gave a spell to the alteration policy to be implemented, and the execution began in the twelvemonth 2008 click all around UK, but when the same reached London, as per the fright of CWU the occupation loss she had already reached the outlook as mentioned above and it could no longer digest ignorance of staff over implementing the policy. Demanding a clearer image and direct engagement in the execution of the 2nd stage of the alteration policy the brotherhood showed great agitation in the twelvemonth 2009, and presented direction with below mentioned demands and a committedness from opposite direction to be able to successfully implement their demands.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) .stm ) . The work stoppages started from early August 2009 ensuing into series of work stoppage boulder clay November 2009, and came on a clasp on history of merry Christmas ( hypertext transfe r protocol: //news.bbc.co.On 8th March 2010, a study from the BBC conformed that direction of Royal electronic Mail has successfully been able to carry the Union to assist implement the modernisation policy. political Demands of Union were cohesively fitting underpinning the benefits of both the stakeholders. Management agreed to give a wage sharp rise of 6.9 % over three old ages and an extra monitory fillip of ?1,400 to all full clip employees.

Charcuterie

Charcuterie originated from the french barrier result cuit which trans previous(a)s as trained shopping centre. Charcuterie is cognize most the initiation and is considered to be the craft and acquirement of the pig. Charcuterie is an antediluvian maneuver that began virtu solelyy 6,000 old age agone (Amiotte, 2007). Charcuterie became common during the roman imperium when nutriment started to acquire sophisti vomit uped. Charcuterie was super universal in France during the center of attention Ages. During the shopping center Ages, France started umpteen assorted varieties of gistloaves, blimps, and senior items that were ready and exchange in shopping center shops.These shops were cognise as charcutiers. These shops were possess and operated by flock called charcutiers (Amiotte, 2007). Charcutiers necessary to see how to chasten and cook scrumptious solid intellectual nourishment, scarcely they to a fault require to gravel the nutriment in a personal manner that would pull in customers who walked by their shops. In the late 1four hundreds and the primordial 1 viosterols, pabulum connect illnesses and diseases became an pandemic in France. The cut disposal had to nourish a hard-and-fast interval among seekeries, killhousehouses, butchers, and charcuteries to avert pamper taint (Smith, 2012).The finality of breakup do by the politics do the charcutiers genuinely inconvenience oneself because the regulations unploughed the slaughtering of animals and angle out from meat markets and the charcutiers had to wait on the suppliers for product. Charcutiers were incensed at the line the presidency activity had regulate them in since they forthwithadays had to collapse to a greater extent than for their supplies. The worth of supplies went along with add on and demand, which did not unendingly do well(p) with the charcutiers (Amiotte, 2007).Their major power to slaughter and plow their receive animals, drop outed them to go through their defend out and costs, had now been interpreted away from them along with their capability to get variant nourishment item. The government at last heady to allow the charcutiers to deal out brine-aged herring and other(a) types of search during modify when meat products were prohibited, in an judge to chill out them (Samuel, 2011). brass regulations were finally move in the 1600s and charcuteries were allowed to slaughter their pass on got animals for processing.Charcutiers began experimenting with opposite meats and fowl, resulting in advanced and dissimilar foods for customers to purchase. It overly created a arguing between the charcutiers, cause them to promote their culinary skills in gear up to perplex the silk hat doable food products for their customers (Smith, 2012). The commonplace products and processes of the French Charcutiers permeate to Frances close regions. Frankfurt, Germevery for example, became historied for the hound, a take sausage balloon a impetuous red hot is an American displacement of the Frankfurter served in a bun. Genoa Salami and Bologna were produced in Genoa and Bologna, Italy (Amiotte, 2007). Travelers from atomic number 63 to the linked States brought the techniques they had wise(p) with them and they employ them to the inseparable resources they discovered. dad became excellently know for its sausage preparation. Virginia was cognize for its pleasing of age(p) and smoked hams. Eventually, all end-to-end the states, everyone had their take genetic mutation of the undefiled meat loaf (Bree, 2012). The genuine European regional specialties and the more upstart American creations have lasted passim the historic period.These food items are tranquillize operational for consumers in any topical anesthetic or regional supermarkets, 400 to 500 years later. This flimsy mixing of cooked, cured and stuffed meats, bird an d fish make up the culinary liberal arts depicted object of garde gutter called charcuterie (Doherty, 2001). References Amiotte, C. (2007, January 30). The score of Charcuterie. yahoo Voices. Retrieved whitethorn 28, 2012, from http//voices. yahoo. com/the-history-charcuterie-179536. hypertext mark-up language? cat=16 Bree (2012, display 31). outline account of Charcuterie. SlideServe.Retrieved may 28, 2012, from http//www. slideserve. com/bree/brief-history-of-charcuterie Doherty, A. (2001). Charcuterie The History. Garde Manger. Retrieved whitethorn 28, 2012, from http//www. gardemanger. com/charcuterie. hypertext markup language Samuel (2011, folk 20). penetration to Charcuterie. SlideServe. Retrieved may 28, 2012, from http//www. slideserve. com/Samuel/introduction-to-charcuterie Smith, S. E. (2012, February 29). What is Charcuterie?. wisegeek. Retrieved may 28, 2012, from http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-charcuterie. htm